DEFINITIONS
Alliance. See Landscape Resilience Alliance (formerly: Drought Resilience Alliance).
Alliance Members means people and organisations that have already embraced the TALS Approach by signing the Joint Declaration created by TALS Institute who work collaboratively with TALS Institute in restoring the Australian landscape by 2030.
Applied Science means "the use of the scientific method and knowledge obtained via conclusions from the method to attain practical goals". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science)
Appointor means, for the time being, TALS Institute.
Best Practice means best practice in the application of the Whole of Landscape Restoration and Management Approach.
Complex versus Complicated. Relevant for Nature, a complex system. Watch the explanatory movie on the Cynefin Framework at https://www.cognitive-edge.com/the-cynefin-framework/
Biodiversity means "the variety of all living things; the different plants, animals and micro-organisms, the genetic information they contain and the ecosystems they form. Biodiversity is usually explored at three levels - genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. These three levels work together to create the complexity of life on Earth". (see Australian Museum website - What is Biodiversity at https://australianmuseum.net.au/what-is-biodiversity)
Biodiversity Conservation Act NSW means the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (NSW).
Contour Bank or Contour means a swale along contour of a landscape.
Biodiversity Convention means the Convention on Biological Diversity or CBD which was ratified by Australia on 29 December 1993.
Biotic Pump Theory "predicts two different types of coast to continental rainfall patterns, first in a forested area one can expect no decrease in rainfall as one moves inland in contrast to a deforested region where one observes an exponential decrease in annual rainfall... The creators of the theory argue that phase changes in water play a greater role in atmospheric dynamics than currently acknowledged." See Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_pump. See also "The Biotic Pump: Condensation, atmospheric dynamics and climate", Anastassia M. Makarieva and Victor G. Gorshkov, Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Int. J. Water, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2010, p 365-385
Ecological Succession means "the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. ... It is a phenomenon or process by which an ecological community undergoes more or less orderly and predictable changes following a disturbance or the initial colonisation of a new habitat". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession)
Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2003): 'Ecosystem services can be classified as provisional (eg fibre, food, freshwater production), regulative (eg disease management, climate regulation, freshwater purification), supportive/processes (eg nutrient cycling, pollination, soil formation) and cultural (eg cultural/religious/spiritual, aesthetic, educational, recreational).' [emphasis added]
EPBC Act means the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth).
Evapotranspiration or EP means "the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and waterbodies. Transpiration accounts for the movement of water within a plant and the subsequent loss of water as vapor through stomata in its leaves. Evapotranspiration is an important part of the water cycle. An element (such as a tree) that contributes to evapotranspiration can be called an evapotranspirator". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration)
Field Capacity: “At field capacity the soil holds the maximum amount of water that can be stored and used by plants. It is the amount of water that is held in the soil after it has been fully wetted and all gravitational water has been drained away.” Page 47 Kirstie A Fryirs and Gary J Brierley. Geomorphic Analysis of River Systems - An Approach to Reading the Landscape, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2013
First Succession Plant means a plant Pioneer Species.
Implementations means Natural Infrastructure implementations such as Leaky Weirs and Contour Banks.
Joint Declaration means the draft declaration to be signed by the Alliance members. It is stored at the TALS Institute Secretariat.
Landscape Resilience Alliance or Alliance means the alliance created by TALS Institute, based on the Joint Declaration. The Landscape Resilience Alliance was formerly called 'Drought Resilience Alliance'.
Leaky Weirs means a Natural Infrastructure Implementation, made from various materials such as rocks, logs, hardy plants and trees, that has the purpose of slowing the flow in streams and gullies and have sediment build up resulting. This results in the establishment of wetlands that increase biodiversity and filter (ie clean) the water. Eroded gullies fill up with earth and plants, and the water course is reconnected to the floodplains. (see also “Leaky Weirs hydrate a thirsty landscape, ABC, 6 July 2009; http://education.abc.net.au/home#!/media/1249433/leaky-weirs-hydrate-a-thirsty-landscape)
Management means all types of land uses, including agriculture.
Natural Infrastructure means “strategically planned and managed network of natural lands, such as forests and wetlands, working landscapes, and other open spaces that conserves or enhances ecosystem values and functions and provides associated benefits to human populations” (see http://www.iwa-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Natural-Infrastructure-in-the-Nexus_Final-Dialogue-Synthesis-Paper-2015.pdf)
New Water Paradigm means “that in natural ecosystems, water is integrated into small, regional water cycles, which supply vapour to the atmosphere to condense and form rain, the sun being the driving force of the circulation of water in small water cycles. We also need to appreciate the thermoregulatory processes provided by the movement of water between the surface of the earth and the atmosphere, which maintains the proper temperatures for life on earth.” see page 1 of ‘Global Action Plan’ by Michal Kravčík and Jan Lambert Slovakia and U.S.A., 2015,
https://bio4climate.org/downloads/Kravcik_Global_Action_Plan.pdf
Old Water Paradigm: “Water management policies worldwide are typically based on the principle of what can be termed the 'old water paradigm', which assumes among many other considerations, that surface waters are the main source and reserve of fresh water supplies. Global legislation and investment therefore tend to be oriented toward protecting, developing, and utilising surface waters with infrastructure such as large reservoirs for water collection and distribution. Although rainwater is the cyclical source of all freshwater supplies, it is nonetheless often considered to be [a] waste product to be drained away quickly into streams and rivers.” See page 1 of ‘Global Action Plan’ by Michal Kravčík and Jan Lambert Slovakia and U.S.A., 2015, https://bio4climate.org/downloads/Kravcik_Global_Action_Plan.pdf
Photosynthesis means "a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesised from carbon dioxide and water... In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis)
Pioneer Species means a "hardy species which are the first to colonise previously biodiverse steady-state ecosystems. Some lichens grow on rocks without soil, so may be among the first of life forms, and break down the rocks into soil for plants. Since some uncolonised land may have thin, poor quality soils with few nutrients, pioneer species are often hardy plants with adaptations such as long roots, root nodes containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and leaves that employ transpiration". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_species)
Plant means any plant.
Plant Functions means the functions of a specific plant, such as undertaking photosynthesis, capturing carbon, producing oxygen, fixing nitrogen, storing of water, pumping water, cooling the environment, evapotranspiration, creation of dew, contributing to small and large water cycle, loosening soil, capturing water run-off, being a pioneer species, fast-growing, providing free mulch, tolerating salt, tolerating nitrogen run-off, tolerating high pollution, fast repair of eroded creeks, bioremediation, providing habitat, medicinal, protecting soil, fire-retardant etc.
Ramsar Convention means the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat of 1971 which was ratified by Australia on 21 December 1975. It is an "intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources".
Riparian Zones: "A riparian zone is land alongside creeks, streams, gullies, rivers and wetlands. These areas are unique and diverse, and are often the most fertile parts of the landscape." See Water NSW
Science means "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.” (Oxford Dictionaries)
Science of the Australian Landscape. See TALS.
Scientists Declaration means the draft declaration stored at the Secretariat.
Secretariat means, for the time being, The Australian Landscape Science Institute (TALS Institute email: [email protected]).
Secretary means, for the time being, the Secretary of The Australian Landscape Science Institute (TALS Institute email: [email protected]).
Section 100 of the Constitution means section 100 of the Commonwealth Constitution which provides: "The Commonwealth shall not, by any law or regulation of trade or commerce, abridge the right of a State or of the residents therein to the reasonable use of the waters of rivers for conservation or irrigation." See also the paper "The Constitution and the Management of Water in Australia’s Rivers", by Paul Kildea and George Williams, 25 January 2010, delivered at Supreme and Federal Courts Judges’ Conference, [2010] Sydney Law Review 595.
Stakeholders means all persons and groups that have an interest in restoring Australia’s landscape based on the TALS Approach. Stakeholders include Universities, schools, NGOs, Government Departments, Local Councils, banks, insurances and other businesses, farmers and city folk who are concerned about water security and climate stability.
Stepped Diffusion Broad Acre Hydroponics means the processes of landscape water management in the floodplain whereby water moves down from the higher country through a series of floodplain steps, diffusing through each floodplain and filling the ground with nutrient laden water which becomes available for plants to flourish (see Prof Haikai Tane).
Succession means Ecological Succession.
TALS, The Australian Landscape Science or Science of the Australian Landscape means “the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world”*, and in particular of the Australian landscape, “through observation and experiment”*. (*Oxford Dictionaries) TALS specifically examines and describes the following:
TALS Approach means an approach to restoring and managing landscapes based on landscapes and ecosystems as a whole (as opposed to individual paddocks), resulting in maximum productivity, fertility and efficiency in an automatic aggrading landscape that can moderate climate. Examples of the TALS Approach are the land management and restoration practices developed by Peter Andrews OAM (Natural Sequence Farming) and Michal Kravcik as well as Terraquaculture (water farming) practices described by Prof Haikai Tane. The TALS Approach:
The Australian Landscape Science. See TALS.
TALS Institute means The Australian Landscape Science Institute Ltd ABN 73 629 817 241, a not for profit company limited by guarantee governed by the Corporation Act (Cth).
The Australian Landscape Science, TALS or Science of the Australian Landscape means 'the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world', and specifically of the Australian landscape, 'through observation and experiment'.
Water Act Cth means the Water Act 2007 (Cth).
Water Act NSW means the Water Act 1912 (NSW).
Water Management Act means the Water Management Act 2000 (NSW).
Alliance Members means people and organisations that have already embraced the TALS Approach by signing the Joint Declaration created by TALS Institute who work collaboratively with TALS Institute in restoring the Australian landscape by 2030.
Applied Science means "the use of the scientific method and knowledge obtained via conclusions from the method to attain practical goals". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied_science)
Appointor means, for the time being, TALS Institute.
Best Practice means best practice in the application of the Whole of Landscape Restoration and Management Approach.
Complex versus Complicated. Relevant for Nature, a complex system. Watch the explanatory movie on the Cynefin Framework at https://www.cognitive-edge.com/the-cynefin-framework/
Biodiversity means "the variety of all living things; the different plants, animals and micro-organisms, the genetic information they contain and the ecosystems they form. Biodiversity is usually explored at three levels - genetic diversity, species diversity and ecosystem diversity. These three levels work together to create the complexity of life on Earth". (see Australian Museum website - What is Biodiversity at https://australianmuseum.net.au/what-is-biodiversity)
Biodiversity Conservation Act NSW means the Biodiversity Conservation Act 2016 (NSW).
Contour Bank or Contour means a swale along contour of a landscape.
Biodiversity Convention means the Convention on Biological Diversity or CBD which was ratified by Australia on 29 December 1993.
Biotic Pump Theory "predicts two different types of coast to continental rainfall patterns, first in a forested area one can expect no decrease in rainfall as one moves inland in contrast to a deforested region where one observes an exponential decrease in annual rainfall... The creators of the theory argue that phase changes in water play a greater role in atmospheric dynamics than currently acknowledged." See Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biotic_pump. See also "The Biotic Pump: Condensation, atmospheric dynamics and climate", Anastassia M. Makarieva and Victor G. Gorshkov, Theoretical Physics Division, Petersburg Nuclear Physics Institute, Int. J. Water, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2010, p 365-385
Ecological Succession means "the process of change in the species structure of an ecological community over time. ... It is a phenomenon or process by which an ecological community undergoes more or less orderly and predictable changes following a disturbance or the initial colonisation of a new habitat". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecological_succession)
Ecosystem services (ES) are the benefits people obtain from ecosystems. According to the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA 2003): 'Ecosystem services can be classified as provisional (eg fibre, food, freshwater production), regulative (eg disease management, climate regulation, freshwater purification), supportive/processes (eg nutrient cycling, pollination, soil formation) and cultural (eg cultural/religious/spiritual, aesthetic, educational, recreational).' [emphasis added]
EPBC Act means the Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 (Cth).
Evapotranspiration or EP means "the sum of evaporation and plant transpiration from the Earth's land and ocean surface to the atmosphere. Evaporation accounts for the movement of water to the air from sources such as the soil, canopy interception, and waterbodies. Transpiration accounts for the movement of water within a plant and the subsequent loss of water as vapor through stomata in its leaves. Evapotranspiration is an important part of the water cycle. An element (such as a tree) that contributes to evapotranspiration can be called an evapotranspirator". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evapotranspiration)
Field Capacity: “At field capacity the soil holds the maximum amount of water that can be stored and used by plants. It is the amount of water that is held in the soil after it has been fully wetted and all gravitational water has been drained away.” Page 47 Kirstie A Fryirs and Gary J Brierley. Geomorphic Analysis of River Systems - An Approach to Reading the Landscape, Wiley-Blackwell Publishing, 2013
First Succession Plant means a plant Pioneer Species.
Implementations means Natural Infrastructure implementations such as Leaky Weirs and Contour Banks.
Joint Declaration means the draft declaration to be signed by the Alliance members. It is stored at the TALS Institute Secretariat.
Landscape Resilience Alliance or Alliance means the alliance created by TALS Institute, based on the Joint Declaration. The Landscape Resilience Alliance was formerly called 'Drought Resilience Alliance'.
Leaky Weirs means a Natural Infrastructure Implementation, made from various materials such as rocks, logs, hardy plants and trees, that has the purpose of slowing the flow in streams and gullies and have sediment build up resulting. This results in the establishment of wetlands that increase biodiversity and filter (ie clean) the water. Eroded gullies fill up with earth and plants, and the water course is reconnected to the floodplains. (see also “Leaky Weirs hydrate a thirsty landscape, ABC, 6 July 2009; http://education.abc.net.au/home#!/media/1249433/leaky-weirs-hydrate-a-thirsty-landscape)
Management means all types of land uses, including agriculture.
Natural Infrastructure means “strategically planned and managed network of natural lands, such as forests and wetlands, working landscapes, and other open spaces that conserves or enhances ecosystem values and functions and provides associated benefits to human populations” (see http://www.iwa-network.org/wp-content/uploads/2016/06/Natural-Infrastructure-in-the-Nexus_Final-Dialogue-Synthesis-Paper-2015.pdf)
New Water Paradigm means “that in natural ecosystems, water is integrated into small, regional water cycles, which supply vapour to the atmosphere to condense and form rain, the sun being the driving force of the circulation of water in small water cycles. We also need to appreciate the thermoregulatory processes provided by the movement of water between the surface of the earth and the atmosphere, which maintains the proper temperatures for life on earth.” see page 1 of ‘Global Action Plan’ by Michal Kravčík and Jan Lambert Slovakia and U.S.A., 2015,
https://bio4climate.org/downloads/Kravcik_Global_Action_Plan.pdf
Old Water Paradigm: “Water management policies worldwide are typically based on the principle of what can be termed the 'old water paradigm', which assumes among many other considerations, that surface waters are the main source and reserve of fresh water supplies. Global legislation and investment therefore tend to be oriented toward protecting, developing, and utilising surface waters with infrastructure such as large reservoirs for water collection and distribution. Although rainwater is the cyclical source of all freshwater supplies, it is nonetheless often considered to be [a] waste product to be drained away quickly into streams and rivers.” See page 1 of ‘Global Action Plan’ by Michal Kravčík and Jan Lambert Slovakia and U.S.A., 2015, https://bio4climate.org/downloads/Kravcik_Global_Action_Plan.pdf
Photosynthesis means "a process used by plants and other organisms to convert light energy into chemical energy that can later be released to fuel the organisms' activities. This chemical energy is stored in carbohydrate molecules, such as sugars, which are synthesised from carbon dioxide and water... In most cases, oxygen is also released as a waste product". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Photosynthesis)
Pioneer Species means a "hardy species which are the first to colonise previously biodiverse steady-state ecosystems. Some lichens grow on rocks without soil, so may be among the first of life forms, and break down the rocks into soil for plants. Since some uncolonised land may have thin, poor quality soils with few nutrients, pioneer species are often hardy plants with adaptations such as long roots, root nodes containing nitrogen-fixing bacteria, and leaves that employ transpiration". (see Wikipedia at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pioneer_species)
Plant means any plant.
Plant Functions means the functions of a specific plant, such as undertaking photosynthesis, capturing carbon, producing oxygen, fixing nitrogen, storing of water, pumping water, cooling the environment, evapotranspiration, creation of dew, contributing to small and large water cycle, loosening soil, capturing water run-off, being a pioneer species, fast-growing, providing free mulch, tolerating salt, tolerating nitrogen run-off, tolerating high pollution, fast repair of eroded creeks, bioremediation, providing habitat, medicinal, protecting soil, fire-retardant etc.
Ramsar Convention means the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat of 1971 which was ratified by Australia on 21 December 1975. It is an "intergovernmental treaty that provides the framework for national action and international cooperation for the conservation and wise use of wetlands and their resources".
Riparian Zones: "A riparian zone is land alongside creeks, streams, gullies, rivers and wetlands. These areas are unique and diverse, and are often the most fertile parts of the landscape." See Water NSW
Science means "the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.” (Oxford Dictionaries)
Science of the Australian Landscape. See TALS.
Scientists Declaration means the draft declaration stored at the Secretariat.
Secretariat means, for the time being, The Australian Landscape Science Institute (TALS Institute email: [email protected]).
Secretary means, for the time being, the Secretary of The Australian Landscape Science Institute (TALS Institute email: [email protected]).
Section 100 of the Constitution means section 100 of the Commonwealth Constitution which provides: "The Commonwealth shall not, by any law or regulation of trade or commerce, abridge the right of a State or of the residents therein to the reasonable use of the waters of rivers for conservation or irrigation." See also the paper "The Constitution and the Management of Water in Australia’s Rivers", by Paul Kildea and George Williams, 25 January 2010, delivered at Supreme and Federal Courts Judges’ Conference, [2010] Sydney Law Review 595.
Stakeholders means all persons and groups that have an interest in restoring Australia’s landscape based on the TALS Approach. Stakeholders include Universities, schools, NGOs, Government Departments, Local Councils, banks, insurances and other businesses, farmers and city folk who are concerned about water security and climate stability.
Stepped Diffusion Broad Acre Hydroponics means the processes of landscape water management in the floodplain whereby water moves down from the higher country through a series of floodplain steps, diffusing through each floodplain and filling the ground with nutrient laden water which becomes available for plants to flourish (see Prof Haikai Tane).
Succession means Ecological Succession.
TALS, The Australian Landscape Science or Science of the Australian Landscape means “the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world”*, and in particular of the Australian landscape, “through observation and experiment”*. (*Oxford Dictionaries) TALS specifically examines and describes the following:
- How Australia’s landscape functions in general;
- How Australia’s landscape used to function prior to human arrival;
- How Australia’s waterways are relevant for proper functioning of floodplains;
- How floodplains function;
- How the Australian landscape uses plants and water to create natural sponges that make landscapes drought, flood and bushfire resilient;
- How Natural Infrastructure, such as Leaky Weirs, Contour Banks and plants work, and how these originally natural features can be recreated for the purpose of creek and river restoration;
- Natural flow of water ways;
- Photosynthesis;
- Stepped Diffusion Broadacre Hydroponics;
- The various functions of plants, such as natural air-conditioning, natural pump, water storage, nutrient pump, mulch provider, stabiliser of river banks and land in general, carbon capturer, oxygen producer;
- How ecological succession works;
- The benefit of Pioneer Species;
- How water tables used to operate naturally and how this can be recreated and used to our advantage if managed properly;
- How salinity occurs in the landscape and how a salinity outbreak can be avoided without lowering the water table;
- Basic weather science: cloud formation, dew as atmospheric moisture;
- Small water cycle;
- Large water cycle, including the Biotic Pump Theory;
- The benefits of evapotranspiration;
- How erosion works, including erosion of landscapes to the sea;
- Hydrology as the environmental production line;
- Biodiversity and its connection to plant, soil, animal and human health;
- Biodiversity on the ground and in the soil;
- How the Australian landscape used to effectively manage bushfires prior to human arrival and how effective bushfire mitigation can be undertaken without back-burning - with the assistance of the right plants and water bodies;
- Cooling effect of different plant species;
- Hydration of landscapes.
TALS Approach means an approach to restoring and managing landscapes based on landscapes and ecosystems as a whole (as opposed to individual paddocks), resulting in maximum productivity, fertility and efficiency in an automatic aggrading landscape that can moderate climate. Examples of the TALS Approach are the land management and restoration practices developed by Peter Andrews OAM (Natural Sequence Farming) and Michal Kravcik as well as Terraquaculture (water farming) practices described by Prof Haikai Tane. The TALS Approach:
- is a UN recognised model for sustainable agriculture, one of only five in the world;
- simulates the once highly efficient functions of the country’s original landscape;
- is scientifically proven to be effective at restoring and drought-proofing entire watersheds, decreasing erosion and salinity, increasing ecosystem biodiversity and substantially raising carbon sequestration levels;
- is based on holistic, not reductionist, thinking and based on The Australian Landscape Science (TALS);
- has been used in a number of highly successful demonstration sites established over decades, in a diverse range of locations that can be visited today. These sites include 'Tarwyn Park', 'Mulloon Creek', 'Baramul Stud' and 'Yanget';
- addresses the problems of increasing drought, bushfires, salinity and soil erosion;
- requires 2 paradigm shifts in Government policy on ‘Best Practice’ landscape restoration management:
- from an existing ‘drainage paradigm’ that has left the world’s landscapes desiccated to a new “storage of water in plants paradigm”. This includes putting in filtering systems (wetlands and Natural Infrastructure such as ‘Leaky Weirs’ in creeks and rivers);
- from assessing plants by the origin (Nativism paradigm) to assessing plants on their function;
- Includes the following principles and practices:
- slowing (not stopping) the flow of water with leaky weirs and contours;
- storing water in the ground and in plants, not on the surface, to minimise evaporation;
- raising the groundwater levels by connecting the raised river beds with adjoining floodplains;
- raising water tables, and managing them with the use of plants;
- filtering the water with the help of plants as well as leaky weirs containing reeds and other plants;
- letting all plants grow to allow them to perform their many functions such as photosynthesis, capturing carbon, filtering water, providing mulch, storing water, securing natural infrastructure to minimise erosion and keeping the structures in place, bioremediation, providing habitat, releasing oxygen, cooling and moderating the climate, managing salinity, trapping sediments, raising creek and river beds;
- using natural infrastructure (plants) to create leaky weirs;
- keeping animals out of flow lines.
The Australian Landscape Science. See TALS.
TALS Institute means The Australian Landscape Science Institute Ltd ABN 73 629 817 241, a not for profit company limited by guarantee governed by the Corporation Act (Cth).
The Australian Landscape Science, TALS or Science of the Australian Landscape means 'the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world', and specifically of the Australian landscape, 'through observation and experiment'.
Water Act Cth means the Water Act 2007 (Cth).
Water Act NSW means the Water Act 1912 (NSW).
Water Management Act means the Water Management Act 2000 (NSW).
